Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, Education and Research

Register      Login

VOLUME 57 , ISSUE 4 ( October-December, 2023 ) > List of Articles

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Dynamics of Neck Injury and Options for Injury Risk Mitigation for Batsmen Playing Fast Short-pitched Bowling

Franz Konstantin Fuss, René ED Ferdinands

Keywords : Bouncers, Cricket biomechanics, Cricket injuries, Phillip Hughes, Protective equipment, Shock absorber design

Citation Information : Fuss FK, Ferdinands RE. Dynamics of Neck Injury and Options for Injury Risk Mitigation for Batsmen Playing Fast Short-pitched Bowling. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2023; 57 (4):158-163.

DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10028-1640

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Published Online: 29-09-2023

Copyright Statement:  Copyright © 2023; The Author(s).


Abstract

Introduction: In late 2014, batsman Phillip Hughes was hit in the neck by a bouncer and died 2 days later. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the options for cricket ball shock absorption at the neck and whether the current solutions are feasible. Materials and methods: The impact speed and the kinetic energy of the ball were photogrammetrically calculated from the match video. A library of impact absorber materials providing data on the optimal shock absorption point was used to select the best material for shock absorption based on an acceptable thickness and a maximum deceleration of 250 g according to the British Standard (BS). Result: The impact velocity on Hughes’ neck was 30 m/s, and the energy absorbed was 70 J. Using this energy and the mass of a cricket ball, no suitable material was found, either because of the unacceptable thickness (>0.7 m) or the deceleration (>1000 g). Using the data required by the BS (15 J and 5 kg), several solutions were feasible, with a thickness of 14–28 mm and a deceleration of 40–60 g. Conclusion: When testing energy absorbers, it is not only the impact energy that is important but also the speed or mass. Testing an absorber at 70 J and a mass of 0.156 kg gives a different result than at 70 J and a mass of 5 kg. Reducing the impact energy to 15 J only makes it worse. The test conditions of crash cushions shall be based on the worst realistic case. If not, the designed shock absorbers are suboptimal at best.


HTML PDF Share
  1. n.n. (2016) Phillip Hughes inquest says death was ’inevitable’ after hit. BBC, UK; available: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-37604252; accessed 11th November 2016.
  2. n.n. (2014) Phillip Hughes: Doctors reveal condition ’incredibly rare’ with only one other case resulting from cricket ball ever reported. ABC News, Australia; available: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-11-27/phillip-hughes-doctors-say-injury-extremely-rare/5923282; accessed: 28th November 2014.
  3. Owler BK (2016) Expert Witness Report, Coronial Inquest into Hughes’ death.
  4. Fuss FK (2016) Video analysis of Phillip Hughes’ neck injury. Expert Witness Report, Coronial Inquest into Hughes’ death.
  5. Ferdinands RED (2016) Philip Hughes’ incident. Expert Witness Report, Coronial Inquest into Hughes’ death.
  6. Parkin R (2016) Phillip Hughes inquest verdict: no blame but coroner criticizes ’ugly underside’ of sledging. The Guardian, UK; available: https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/nov/04/phillip-hughes-inquest-no-one-was-to-blame-for-cricketers-death-coroner-finds#:~:text=The%20Australian%20cricketer%20Phillip%20Hughes,the%20ball%20from%20Sean%20Abbott; accessed: 10th November 2016.
  7. BSI (2013) Specification for head protectors for cricketers. BS 7928:2013. The British Standards Institution, 2013
  8. Fuss FK, Belbasis A, van den Hazel B, et al. Design strategy for selecting appropriate energy absorbing materials and structures: data library and customized selection criteria. Procedia Technol 2015;20:98–103. DOI: 10.1016/j.protcy.2015.07.017
  9. Fuss FK. The design strain and dead mass of energy absorbing materials and structures: mathematical principles and experimental determination. Procedia Eng 2015;112:116–121. DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2015.07.185
  10. Masuri. STEMGUARD NECK PROTECTOR IMPACT SAFETY TESTING. Available from: https://www.masuri.com/blogs/technology-blogs/stemguard-neck-protector-impact-safety-testing; accessed 1st July 2023.
  11. Masuri. STEMGUARDS Available from: https://www.masuri.com/collections/stemguards/unisex; accessed 1st July 2023.
  12. BSI (2019) Specification for head protectors for cricketers. BS 7928:2013+A1:2019. The British Standards Institution, 2019
  13. INSPEC (2015) Test Report, Impact Tests, Masuri Stemguard Elite/Test, 19th November 2015. Inspec, Salford, UK.
  14. Tunnicliff M (2014). Being hit on the head is dangerous – but the neck is especially vulnerable. The Guardian, UK, Wednesday 26th November 2014. Available: http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/nov/25/head-neck-injuries-phil-hughes-doctor; accessed 28th November 2014.
  15. Brukner P, Gara TJ, Fortington LV. Traumatic cricket-related fatalities in Australia: a historical review of media reports. Med J Aust 2018;208(6):261–264. DOI: 10.5694/mja17.00908.
PDF Share
PDF Share

© Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD.